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"The Bard. A Pindaric Ode"

[Digital Library showcase image]You can access the commentary for this poem by browsing through it by lines, by using the find reference form below to specify the passage of interest in the text, or by searching the commentary available for the text. When browsing, please select the line numbers for Gray's own annotations and the letters in front of the line numbers to access the editors' and contributors' commentary types: "T" for variants and textual notes, "E" for explanatory notes, and "T/E" for both types (where applicable). You will then be shown what commentary exists on this passage based on your selection criteria. If you need more detailed options, please use the find reference form below. You can always modify or add to your selection criteria, or choose a different approach to exploring the text. Please see below for an introductory editorial note on the text and for a list of printed works cited in the commentary. You can also consult this help section for more information.

Commentary:  Notes/Queries: 526 (Textual [T]: 181, Explanatory [E]: 345)

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[down]T E T/E "The Bard. A Pindaric Ode"    
      
  Advertisement.    
      
  The following Ode is founded on a Tradition current in Wales,    
  that EDWARD the First, when he compleated the conquest of    
  that country, ordered all the Bards, that fell into his hands,    
  to be put to death.    
      
  I. 1.    
      
  E  1    `Ruin seize thee, ruthless king!    
  E  2    Confusion on thy banners wait,    
  E  3    Though fanned by Conquest's crimson wing    
  E  4    They mock the air with idle state.    
  E  5    Helm nor hauberk's twisted mail,    
 T   6    Nor even thy virtues, tyrant, shall avail    
  E  7    To save thy secret soul from nightly fears,    
  E  8    From Cambria's curse, from Cambria's tears!'    
[up] E  9    Such were the sounds, that o'er the crested pride    
[down]10    Of the first Edward scattered wild dismay,    
  E  11    As down the steep of Snowdon's shaggy side    
  E  12    He wound with toilsome march his long array.    
  E  13    Stout Gloucester stood aghast in speechless trance:    
  E  14    `To arms!' cried Mortimer, and couched his quivering lance.    
      
  I. 2.    
      
  E  15    On a rock, whose haughty brow    
 T E T/E16    Frowns o'er old Conway's foaming flood,    
 T E T/E17    Robed in the sable garb of woe,    
 T E T/E18    With haggard eyes the poet stood;    
  E  19    (Loose his beard, and hoary hair    
  E  20    Streamed, like a meteor, to the troubled air)    
  E  21    And with a master's hand, and prophet's fire,    
 22    Struck the deep sorrows of his lyre.    
  E  23    `Hark, how each giant-oak, and desert cave,    
 24    Sighs to the torrent's awful voice beneath!    
 25    O'er thee, oh king! their hundred arms they wave,    
[up] E  26    Revenge on thee in hoarser murmurs breathe;    
[down] E  27    Vocal no more, since Cambria's fatal day,    
 T E T/E28    To high-born Hoel's harp, or soft Llewellyn's lay.    
      
  I. 3.    
      
 T E T/E29    `Cold is Cadwallo's tongue,    
 T E T/E30    That hushed the stormy main:    
 T E T/E31    Brave Urien sleeps upon his craggy bed:    
  E  32    Mountains, ye mourn in vain    
  E  33    Modred, whose magic song    
  E  34    Made huge Plinlimmon bow his cloud-topped head.    
  E  35    On dreary Arvon's shore they lie,    
  E  36    Smeared with gore, and ghastly pale:    
  E  37    Far, far aloof the affrighted ravens sail;    
  E  38    The famished eagle screams, and passes by.    
  E  39    Dear lost companions of my tuneful art,    
  E  40    Dear, as the light that visits these sad eyes,    
  E  41    Dear, as the ruddy drops that warm my heart,    
  E  42    Ye died amidst your dying country's cries—    
[up]T E T/E43    No more I weep. They do not sleep.    
[down] E  44    On yonder cliffs, a grisly band,    
  E  45    I see them sit, they linger yet,    
  E  46    Avengers of their native land:    
  E  47    With me in dreadful harmony they join,    
  E  48    And weave with bloody hands the tissue of thy line.'    
      
  II. 1.    
      
  E  49    "Weave the warp, and weave the woof,    
  E  50    The winding-sheet of Edward's race.    
  E  51    Give ample room, and verge enough    
  E  52    The characters of hell to trace.    
  E  53    Mark the year and mark the night,    
  E  54    When Severn shall re-echo with affright    
  E  55    The shrieks of death, through Berkeley's roofs that ring,    
  E  56    Shrieks of an agonising king!    
  E  57    She-wolf of France, with unrelenting fangs,    
  E  58    That tear'st the bowels of thy mangled mate,    
  E  59    From thee be born, who o'er thy country hangs    
[up] E  60    The scourge of heaven. What terrors round him wait!    
[down] E  61    Amazement in his van, with Flight combined,    
 T E T/E62    And Sorrow's faded form, and Solitude behind.    
      
  II. 2.    
      
 T E T/E63    "Mighty victor, mighty lord,    
 T E T/E64    Low on his funeral couch he lies!    
 T E T/E65    No pitying heart, no eye, afford    
 T E T/E66    A tear to grace his obsequies.    
  E  67    Is the sable warrior fled?    
 68    Thy son is gone. He rests among the dead.    
 T E T/E69    The swarm that in thy noon-tide beam were born?    
 T E T/E70    Gone to salute the rising morn.    
 T E T/E71    Fair laughs the morn, and soft the zephyr blows,    
 T E T/E72    While proudly riding o'er the azure realm    
 T E T/E73    In gallant trim the gilded vessel goes;    
 T E T/E74    Youth on the prow, and Pleasure at the helm;    
 T E T/E75    Regardless of the sweeping whirlwind's sway,    
 T E T/E76    That, hushed in grim repose, expects his evening-prey.    
[up]     
[down] II. 3.    
      
  E  77    "Fill high the sparkling bowl,    
  E  78    The rich repast prepare,    
  E  79    Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast:    
  E  80    Close by the regal chair    
  E  81    Fell Thirst and Famine scowl    
 T E T/E82    A baleful smile upon their baffled guest.    
  E  83    Heard ye the din of battle bray,    
 T E T/E84    Lance to lance, and horse to horse?    
  E  85    Long years of havoc urge their destined course,    
  E  86    And through the kindred squadrons mow their way.    
 T E T/E87    Ye towers of Julius, London's lasting shame,    
 T E T/E88    With many a foul and midnight murther fed,    
 89    Revere his consort's faith, his father's fame,    
 T E T/E90    And spare the meek usurper's holy head.    
  E  91    Above, below, the rose of snow,    
  E  92    Twined with her blushing foe, we spread:    
  E  93    The bristled Boar in infant-gore    
[up] E  94    Wallows beneath the thorny shade.    
[down]95    Now, brothers, bending o'er the accursed loom,    
  E  96    Stamp we our vengeance deep, and ratify his doom.    
      
  III. 1.    
      
  E  97    "Edward, lo! to sudden fate    
  E  98    (Weave we the woof. The thread is spun)    
  E  99    Half of thy heart we consecrate.    
  E  100    (The web is wove. The work is done.)"    
 T E T/E101    `Stay, oh stay! nor thus forlorn    
 T E T/E102    Leave me unblessed, unpitied, here to mourn:    
 T E T/E103    In yon bright track, that fires the western skies,    
 T E T/E104    They melt, they vanish from my eyes.    
 T E T/E105    But oh! what solemn scenes on Snowdon's height    
 T E T/E106    Descending slow their glittering skirts unroll?    
  E  107    Visions of glory, spare my aching sight,    
  E  108    Ye unborn ages, crowd not on my soul!    
 T E T/E109    No more our long-lost Arthur we bewail.    
 T E T/E110    All-hail, ye genuine kings, Britannia's issue, hail!    
[up]     
[down] III. 2.    
      
 T E T/E111    `Girt with many a baron bold    
 T E T/E112    Sublime their starry fronts they rear;    
  E  113    And gorgeous dames, and statesmen old    
 T E T/E114    In bearded majesty, appear.    
  E  115    In the midst a form divine!    
 T E T/E116    Her eye proclaims her of the Briton-line;    
 T E T/E117    Her lion-port, her awe-commanding face,    
  E  118    Attempered sweet to virgin-grace.    
 T E T/E119    What strings symphonious tremble in the air,    
 T E T/E120    What strains of vocal transport round her play!    
  E  121    Hear from the grave, great Taliessin, hear;    
 T E T/E122    They breathe a soul to animate thy clay.    
 T E T/E123    Bright Rapture calls, and soaring, as she sings,    
  E  124    Waves in the eye of heaven her many-coloured wings.    
      
  III. 3.    
      
[up]T E T/E125    `The verse adorn again    
[down] E  126    Fierce war and faithful love,    
  E  127    And truth severe, by fairy fiction dressed.    
 T E T/E128    In buskined measures move    
  E  129    Pale Grief, and pleasing Pain,    
 T E T/E130    With Horror, tyrant of the throbbing breast.    
  E  131    A voice, as of the cherub-choir,    
  E  132    Gales from blooming Eden bear;    
  E  133    And distant warblings lessen on my ear,    
  E  134    That lost in long futurity expire.    
  E  135    Fond impious man, think'st thou, yon sanguine cloud,    
  E  136    Raised by thy breath, has quenched the orb of day?    
  E  137    Tomorrow he repairs the golden flood,    
  E  138    And warms the nations with redoubled ray.    
  E  139    Enough for me: with joy I see    
  E  140    The different doom our fates assign.    
  E  141    Be thine despair and sceptered care;    
 T E T/E142    To triumph, and to die, are mine.'    
  E  143    He spoke, and headlong from the mountain's height    
[up]T E T/E144    Deep in the roaring tide he plunged to endless night.    

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Gray's annotations

4    Mocking the air with colours idly spread.
    Shakespear's King John. [V. i. 72]
5    The Hauberk was a texture of steel ringlets, or rings interwoven, forming a coat of mail, that sate close to the body, and adapted itself to every motion.
9    — [By] The crested adder's pride.
    Dryden's Indian Queen. [III. i. 84]
11    Snowdon was a name given by the Saxons to that mountainous tract, which the Welch themselves call Craigian-eryri: it included all the highlands of Caernarvonshire and Merionethshire, as far east as the river Conway. R. Hygden[,] speaking of the castle of Conway built by King Edward the first, says, ``Ad ortum amnis Conway ad clivum montis Erery [At the source of the River Conway on the slope of Mt. Erery];'' and Matthew of Westminster, (ad ann. 1283,) ``Apud Aberconway ad pedes montis Snowdoniae fecit erigi castrum forte [Near (or at) Aberconway at the foot of Mt. Snowdon, he caused a fortified camp to be constructed.].''
13    Gilbert de Clare, surnamed the Red, Earl of Gloucester and Hertford, son-in-law to King Edward.
14    Edmond de Mortimer, Lord of Wigmore. They both were Lords-Marchers, whose lands lay on the borders of Wales, and probably accompanied the King in this expedition.
18    [`... haggard, wch conveys to you the the Idea of a Witch, is indeed only a metaphor taken from an unreclaim'd Hawk, wch is called a Haggard, & looks wild & farouche & jealous of its liberty.' Letter to Wharton, 21 Aug. 1755, {T/W_1971} T & W no. 205.]
19    The image was taken from a well-known picture of Raphael, representing the Supreme Being in the vision of Ezekiel: there are two of these paintings (both believed original), one at Florence, the other at Paris.
20    Shone, like a meteor, streaming to the wind.
    Milton's Paradise Lost. [i. 537]
35    The shores of Caernarvonshire opposite to the isle of Anglesey.
38    Cambden and others observe, that eagles used annually to build their aerie among the rocks of Snowdon, which from thence (as some think) were named by the Welch Craigian-eryri, or the crags of the eagles. At this day (I am told) the highest point of Snowdon is called the eagle's nest. That bird is certainly no stranger to this island, as the Scots, and the people of Cumberland, Westmoreland, &c. can testify: it even has built its nest in the Peak of Derbyshire. [See Willoughby's Ornithol. published by Ray.] [John Ray (1627-1705) published (1676) and translated (London, 1678) the Ornithologia of his patron Francis Willughby (1635-72).]
40    As dear to me as are the ruddy drops,
That visit my sad heart—
    Shakesp. Jul. Caesar. [II. i. 289-90]
47    See the Norwegian Ode, that follows. [Fatal Sisters]
54    Edward the Second, cruelly butchered in Berkley-Castle [in 1327 near the Severn River in western England].
57    Isabel of France, Edward the Second's adulterous Queen.
59    Triumphs of Edward the Third in France.
64    Death of that King, abandoned by his Children, and even robbed in his last moments by his Courtiers and his Mistress [Alice Perrers, in 1377].
67    Edward, the Black Prince, dead some time before his Father [in 1376].
71    Magnificence of Richard the Second's reign. See Froissard, and other contemporary Writers.
77    Richard the Second, (as we are told by Archbishop Scroop and the confederate Lords in their manifesto, by Thomas of Walsingham, and all the older Writers)[,] was starved to death [in 1400]. The story of his assassination by Sir Piers of Exon, is of much later date.
83    Ruinous civil wars of York and Lancaster.
87    Henry the Sixth, George Duke of Clarence, Edward the Fifth, Richard Duke of York, &c. believed to be murthered secretly in the Tower of London. The oldest part of that structure is vulgarly attributed to Julius Caesar.
89    [Consort] Margaret of Anjou, a woman of heroic spirit, who struggled hard to save her Husband and her Crown.
[Father] Henry the Fifth.
90    Henry the Sixth very near being canonized. The line of Lancaster had no right of inheritance to the Crown.
91    The white and red roses, devices of York and Lancaster [presumably woven above and below on the loom].
93    The silver Boar was the badge of Richard the Third; whence he was usually known in his own time by the name of the Boar.
99    Eleanor of Castile died a few years after the conquest of Wales. The heroic proof she gave of her affection for her Lord [she is supposed to have sucked the poison from a wound Edward I received] is well known. The monuments of his regret, and sorrow for the loss of her, are still to be seen at Northampton, Geddington, Waltham, and other places.
109    It was the common belief of the Welch nation, that King Arthur was still alive in Fairy-Land, and should return again to reign over Britain.
110    Both Merlin [Myrddin] and Taliessin had prophesied, that the Welch should regain their sovereignty over this island; which seemed to be accomplished in the House of Tudor [1768].
Accession of the House of Tudor [1757].
117    Speed relating an audience given by Queen Elizabeth to Paul Dzialinski, Ambassadour of Poland, says, `And thus she, lion-like rising, daunted the malapert Orator no less with her stately port and majestical deporture, than with the tartnesse of her princelie checkes.' [John Speed (1552-1629) published his History of Great Britaine ... to ... King James in 1611.]
121    Taliessin, Chief of the Bards, flourished in the VIth Century. His works are still preserved, and his memory held in high veneration among his Countrymen. [His Book exists in only a thirteenth-century version and many of the poems in it may not be by Taliessin.]
126    Fierce wars and faithful loves shall moralize my song.
    Spenser's Proëme to the Fairy Queen [l. 9].
128    Shakespear.
131    Milton.
133    The succession of Poets after Milton's time.

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Note on the text

Composition / Publication: 1754-1757 / 1757Form: irregularly rhyming (quatrains and couplets)
Original Text: 1768Genre: Pindaric Ode
Editorial information: A brief introduction and a list of MS witnesses is available. Spelling has been modernized throughout, except in case of conscious archaisms. Contractions, italics and initial capitalization have been largely eliminated, except where of real import. Obvious errors have been silently corrected, punctuation has been lightly modernized. Additional contextual information for Gray's notes, presented here in unmodernized form, has been taken from the [S/H_1966] Starr/Hendrickson edition. The editor would like to express his gratitude to the library staff of the Göttingen State and University Library (SUB Göttingen) for their invaluable assistance.
Versions of this text are available in the Digital Library:
  • 1757: Odes by Mr. Gray. London, 1757.
  • 1765 vol. vi: A Collection of Poems in six volumes. By several hands. Vol. vi. London, 1765 [1st ed. 1758, two vols. 1748].
  • 1768: Poems by Mr. Gray. A new edition. London, 1768 [1st ed. 1768].
  • 1768: Poems by Mr. Gray. Glasgow, 1768.
  • 1771: Poems by Mr. Gray. A new edition. London, 1771.
  • 1775: The Poems of Mr. Gray. To which are prefixed Memoirs of his Life and Writings by W[illiam]. Mason. York, 1775.
  • 1775: Poems by Mr. Gray. A new edition. Edinburgh, 1775.
  • 1776: Poems by Mr. Gray. A new edition. London, 1776.
  • 1782: The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray. Edinburg, 1782.
  • 1798: The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray. London, 1798.
  • 1799: The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray. London, [1799].
  • 1799: The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray, LL.B. London, 1799.
  • 1800: The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray, LL.B. London, 1800.
  • 1816: The Works of Thomas Gray, Vol. I. Ed. John Mitford. London, 1816.
  • 1836: The Works of Thomas Gray, Volume I. Ed. John Mitford. London, 1836.

Works cited in the commentary

  • [BrJ_1903] The Poetical Works of Thomas Gray: English and Latin. Edited with an introduction, life, notes and a bibliography by John Bradshaw. Reprinted edition. The Aldine edition of the British poets series. London: George Bell and sons, 1903 [1st edition 1891].
  • [CrJ_1948] Gray: Poetry and Prose. With essays by Johnson, Goldsmith and others. With an Introduction and Notes by J. Crofts. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1948 [1st ed. 1926].
  • [EpW_1959] Poems of Thomas Gray. Edited by W. C. Eppstein. London and Glasgow: Blackie & Son Ltd., 1959.
  • [F/G_1999] Eighteenth-Century Poetry. An Annotated Anthology. Edited by David Fairer and Christine Gerrard. Blackwell annotated anthologies. Oxford: Blackwell, 1999.
  • [GoE_1884] The Works of Thomas Gray: In Prose and Verse. Ed. by Edmund Gosse, in four vols. London: MacMillan and Co., 1884, vol. i.
  • [HeJ_1981] Thomas Gray: Selected Poems. Ed. by John Heath-Stubbs. Manchester: Carcanet New Press Ltd., 1981.
  • [LoR_1969] The Poems of Thomas Gray, William Collins, Oliver Goldsmith. Edited by Roger Lonsdale. Longman Annotated English Poets Series. London and Harlow: Longmans, 1969.
  • [P/W_1950] The Poems of Gray and Collins. Edited by Austin Lane Poole. Revised by Leonard Whibley. Third edition. Oxford editions of standard authors series. London: Oxford UP, 1937, reprinted 1950 [1st ed. 1919].
  • [PhW_1894] Selections from the Poetry and Prose of Thomas Gray. Ed. with an introduction and notes by William Lyon Phelps. The Athenaeum press series. Boston: Ginn & company, 1894.
  • [ReJ_1973] The Complete English Poems of Thomas Gray. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by James Reeves. The Poetry Bookshelf series. London: Heinemann; New York: Barnes & Noble, 1973.
  • [S/H_1966] The Complete Poems of Thomas Gray: English, Latin and Greek. Edited by Herbert W. Starr and J. R. Hendrickson. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1966.
  • [ToD_1922] Gray's English Poems, Original and Translated from the Norse and Welsh. Edited by Duncan C. Tovey. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1922 [1st ed. 1898].

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